星期六, 七月 18, 2020

【转载】苗族人在美国


【转载】苗族人在美国



原载:https://club.kdnet.net/dispbbs.asp?id=3004877&boardid=1



原帖发布者(可能也是作者):coolface2




苗族,(越南文:Mèo;泰语:แม้ว / ม้งMaew / Mong 英语也称Hmong),是一个发源于中国的国际性的民族,主要聚居于中国华南及东南亚。在中国,苗族约为894万人(2000年),为中国人口占第5位的民族。在越南名为赫蒙族,人口787604人,列第8位。



苗族发源于中国,约有8成的苗族人口分布于中国南方省份,而在东南亚的越南、泰国、老挝、缅甸也有相当规模的苗族。1975年老挝人民民主共和国成立后,数万苗族人成为难民,部分移居到美国和法国。



分布在各地的苗族人有许多自称,如“牡”、“蒙”、“毛”、“果雄”、“带叟”等,还有些地方按其住地、服饰等方面的不同,在“苗”字前冠以不同的名称,如“长裙苗”、“短裙苗”、“长角苗”、“红苗”、“黑苗”、“白苗”、“青苗”、“花苗”、“小花苗”等。苗族人多信仰万物有灵的原始宗教。



中国境内的苗族48.1%散布于贵州省全境,其中黔东南的苗族组成比例最高。其次是湖南省西部(21.49%)和云南省(11.67%),但亦有分布于重庆市东南(5.62%)、广西区北部(5.18%)、湖北省西南(2.4%)、四川省东南(1.65%)、海南省(0.69%)等省市内。



苗族为什么去了美国?



位于明尼苏达州Concordia大学的苗族档案馆,归属于那里的苗族研究中心)里面的一张画,内容是越战后老挝苗族人被屠杀的情景。这是美国苗族永远的痛,从他们大量以当年战争为题材的刺绣、绘画就可以让人很容易感受到这一点。



很多人对美国突然出现很多苗族感到很迷惑,不知道他们从哪里来的,甚至一些美国人也感到迷惑。原因其实不很复杂,就是美国在越南发动战争期间,也同时在老挝发动了一场鲜为人知的秘密战争,苗族人当时是为美国作战的。战争结束后,大量苗族遭到屠杀,被迫逃到泰国,沦为难民。后来,在联合国的帮助下,大批苗族难民,以及其他一些民族,比如瑶族,迁徙到了美国以及其他一些西方国家。



大家知道,苗族之所以去了美国,是苗族在越战期间为美国作战,付出了惨重的代价。那么,既然与越战有关,去美国的苗族是从越南过去的吗?苗族直接在越南的土地上参加了越战吗?不是。去了美国的苗族,他们的故乡是老挝,他们也不是在越南的土地上作战。老挝的苗族怎么去美国与越战有关呢?其实确切地说,苗族去美国是直接与美国在老挝土地上展开地秘密战争有关,而这场秘密战争又与众所周知的越南战争有关。



美国在1961年到1975年在越南发动战争的同时,也在老挝开展了一场秘密战争。当时美国是想把老挝作为对付越南北部以及中国的一块阵地,就像前苏联要在美国旁边弄一个古巴是一样的道理。当时老挝的巴特寮Pathet Laos,老挝共产主义者建立的“老挝人民民主共和国是和越南北部政府站在一边的,美国便利用苗族来和巴特寮作战。之所以被称为秘密战争,是美国没有直接派兵在老挝的土地上作战,而只是出钱出枪,让苗族人为他们卖命。1975年,美军从越南撤走,自然也就停止了对老挝苗族的援助。正面战场都不打了,老挝这边自然也就没有坚持下去的必要了。美国一走,苗族失去了后盾,便纷纷渡过湄公河逃往泰国,一时间,泰国聚集了大量以苗族为主的少数民族。后来,才在联合国的作用下,这些苗族去了美国以及其他一些西方国家,包括法国、澳大利亚、法属圭亚那等西方国家。



在这场战争中,有两个人需要记住,一个是美国的爱德华·兰德斯代尔(Edward Landsdale),是他出的主意,让美国利用苗族为他们作战。另一个是苗族人王宝(Vang Pao)将军。1960年,一位叫比利(Billy)的美国将军找到他,老挝苗族人的命运就在这两个人的谈话中决定了,战争开始了。



据后来一些苗族老兵的回忆,美国人给了他们两个许诺:



1、美国中央情报局将尽可能帮助他们,



2、如果苗族人失败了,美国将给他们找一块新地方居住。



1,The CIA would help the Hmong as much as possible and



2If the Hmong lostAmerica would find a new place for the Hmong to live



19597月,美国特种部队训练队员被派往老挝,代号叫热脚。近100个美国顾问也被派往老挝,叫老挝训练顾问团。一共有12个营,每个营有12名美国顾问。当时老挝军官们并不怎么喜欢这些美国人。



1959年夏天,美国中央情报局的人员爱德华建议使用苗族人在老挝东北部作战。1960年,另外一个美国情报局人员,比利上校,与政府军里的苗族军官王宝取得联系。王宝马上表示赞同,他说:我是与巴特寮势不两立的,我要么离开,要么打,我更倾向于打。比利上校又去游说苗族长老们,并许诺给他们好处,这样长老们就接受了。



王宝答应为美国而战之后不久,500条枪运到了苗族人手里。美国的军事顾问开始训练苗族士兵,队伍也日益强大。苗族军队达到了最强大的时候,达4万人之多。王宝这时甚至征集12岁的童子军参战,因为成千上万的苗族士兵在战争中牺牲了。这时候,苗族也更加依赖于美国的援助。



从此以后,苗族军队在走下坡路,巴特寮越来越占有优势,越南士兵也开始进入老挝了。19616月,巴特寮占领了原来苗族设在Pa Doung的指挥部,苗族指挥部只好移到Pha Khao,最后又再一次移到龙镇。并在那里一直坚持到1975年。



1965年,苗族村民们开始着手修建了几百条飞机跑道,用来接收来自空中的美国物资供给,这些跑道常常修建在山上,飞行员往往要在仅仅几百英尺的30度斜坡上将飞机停住,以免滚下悬崖下去。因为是拉锯战,这些跑道有时候会被敌人占领,所以飞行员必须看见可靠的信号,他才降落,搬下粮食、药品和枪支弹药,或者将这些物资空投下来。



在修建这些小跑道的同时,在一个叫龙镇(Long Cheng)的地方,修建了一条比较大的飞机跑道。龙镇在战略上具有重要的价值,美国的物资可以从泰国和越南运送到这里,然后分发到各个地方。



1965年之后的三年战争处于一种拉锯战的状态,苗族在雨季占有优势,这时候敌人的坦克在很多泥巴地无用武之地,但在旱季他们又会将失去的地方重新占领。



在战争后期,越南在老挝动用了化学武器,被人们称为“黄雨(yellow rain,给包括苗族人在内的老挝人民带来了重大的灾难。美国也曾用飞机在越南的丛林喷洒一种化学药剂,让树叶全部掉落,这样越南士兵就难以隐蔽,这种药剂也给越南人带来了深重的灾难。



后来,随着美军在越南战场的撤离,苗族军队越来越处于劣势。1975年,巴特寮置停火协议于不顾,开始了一系列对王宝领导下的苗族军队的攻击,那年的5月初,苗族所属的老挝政府军开始土崩瓦解了。



老挝的苗族百姓,其战斗的目的各不相同。有的觉得当兵是一种荣誉,在苗族军队中,往往一个士兵死了,他的儿子会接替他的军衔,这部分人应该是占比较大的比例的。有的只是为了拿军饷养家户口。还有一些人则是出于被迫。在采访中有人这样描述:王宝在战争中的地位是至高无上的,有两件事控制在他的手中。是由他来告诉美国中央情报局哪个村寨需要供给,也是由他来控制鸦片的出口,而鸦片是苗族的主要经济作物。王宝就是利用这两点来迫使村寨的头向他提供士兵。如果某一个村寨说死的人太多了,不想再派人去参战了,那么王宝就会叫美国中央情报局切断这个村寨的食物供给,并切断他们的鸦片出售。这样,他们就买不着任何吃的东西了。



1973年巴黎协议的生效,使苗族再也得不到美国的任何支援。这个协议使所有的外国军队撤离了老挝,并开始了一个新的联合政府。很快,巴特寮开始控制了整个国家局势,两年后,19755月初,巴特寮逼近苗族军队的指挥部龙镇,苗族的局势极端恶化。



王宝把苗族的头领们聚拢来,告诉大家有三条路可走,要大家一起商量作出决定。



1、坚持战斗。在没有外援的情况下坚持战斗,苗族将付出沉重的代价,估计能坚持一年左右,但巴特寮无疑会无情报复。



2、逃离老挝。邻邦泰国是一个临时的避难之地,原来的那些反巴特寮的军事训练营可以作为难民营。从那里可以再去往其它国家。



3、投降。但巴特寮肯定会秋后算账。在苗族人拿起武器战斗之前,苗族人就被看不起,现在巴特寮更加有理由迫害苗族了。



王宝认为,第一和第三条路是走不通的,何况美国又曾许诺过要为苗族人找新的地方居住。一直坚持留在龙镇的美国中央情报局代表杰瑞·丹尼尔敦促苗族首领们尽快撤离,可是王宝拒绝了,他坚持要所有的苗族一起走,而不是首领们先走了,撂下其他人不管。炸弹已经炸到了龙镇的附近,他们还在讨论怎么行动,决定不下来。



最后,美国中央情报局答应空运1200人离开龙镇。第二天,龙镇的飞机跑道附近聚集了4万左右的人,每个人都希望能找到一个位置。王宝命令王左(Vang Chou)主持撤离事宜,王左拿着一张当天可以空运撤离的人员名单,持枪荷弹的士兵在维护着撤离的秩序,当时没有恐慌、混乱与推挤。第一架飞机到达的时候,还有1万多人在那里等待。王宝要离开老挝的消息很快传遍了全国,人们从各地蜂拥而至,来看看自己是否有机会离开。下午,第一架飞机停在机场跑道的时候,混乱开始了,几千人挤向那加C-130飞机。把人们赶开的唯一有效的方法就是发动飞机引擎,把人们吹走。用手推,用抢推,把那些上了飞机的人推向飞机的尾部,飞机里也乱成一团。随着飞机的起飞,带走那些名单上的人们,苗族的逃难开始了。



后来两天,情形基本一样,很多飞机来到这里,尽可能多带走一些人。在三天的撤离时间里,美国飞机只来了两架,其余的都是泰国的飞机和老挝政府军的飞机,这使苗族人感到无比惊诧!



513日早上,一位美国军官从驻万象的大使馆来到龙镇,这时王宝还没有离开,还在龙镇。他来敦促王宝和他的家人赶紧走。这位军官对王宝非常生气,说美国不想再管苗族的事情了。王宝也非常生气,吼道:我的军队怎么办?他们俩就撤离的苗族人数事宜吵来吵去,王宝坚持每一个苗族士兵都要撤离!那位军官说只能走1千人,而王宝最后坚持说两千五,那位军官就走了,最后飞机没有来。



苗族逃亡并非从1975年王宝撤离的时候才开始,当老挝秘密战争一开始,他们的家乡变成了战场,他们便开始了逃亡之路。在这里,炸弹与日俱增,历史学家Alfred McCoy 说:越南战争后期,老挝变成了现代战争史上遭受轰炸最严重的国家之一。1965年到1971年,160万吨炸弹投到了老挝的国土上,是二战时期投到日本国土的炸弹的十倍。



1970年,老挝苗族人口估计是30万。到1973年,几乎有12万苗族成了难民。这些难民主要集中在川圹省,著名的川圹平原(又称坛子平原)就在那里。



一开始,苗民们只是移到丛林里去躲避炸弹,希望巴特寮被打败,被赶出老挝。很多小孩就是在这种痛苦的环境中长大的。Xia Tou Lo是一位现在住在美国华沙的苗族人,他说,巴特寮占领了他家所在村寨之后,他家人就和其它难民一起从Houa Phan省跑到了川圹省和万象省。从1962年到1975年,他家在好几处难民营住过。



从土地被炸得千疮百孔而不可能去耕种开始,美国便着手救济这些老挝苗族难民。Buell是一位现在已经赋闲在家的美国农民,当时他就在老挝,并做着这一工作,他尽力让苗族人得到这些救济品。这些救济品主要是从空中投下来的,大多数苗族家庭就靠着这些救济生活。1973年美国撤离,救济与军事支援便没有了,苗族陷入了一段生存极为艰难的时期。美国空军飞行员Darrel Whitcomb说:我回想起来极为痛苦,这折磨着我,我们怎么能就这样一走了之呢?撂下他们不管了呢?我们知道他们将陷入极度的痛苦之中。在这个世界上,再没有人信任我们美国人了!”



王宝将军离开老挝之后,成千上万的苗族便逃往泰国,以躲避巴特寮的迫害,同时也可以免除美国物资切断后所造成的饥饿。到1975年底,已经有超过44000的苗族进入到这个国家。去往泰国的情形各不一致,一小部分人只花了几个小时就过去了,而有的却辗转花了几年。最幸运的人就是那些从龙镇坐飞机过去的。还有少数有些特权的人家,从万象或别的城市租了车去往泰国。大多数的苗族则没有那么幸运了,他们靠自己的两条腿走着过去,他们的经历自然是最为恐怖的。



1975年发生在新合桥(Hin Heup Bridge)的事件给试图逃离老挝的苗族难民们留下了恐怖的记忆。那座桥是一个通往首都万象的检查站,巴特寮的士兵们驻守在那里。事件发生的前几天,一位叫Souvanna Phouma的巴特寮的领导让一位苗族领导,Touby LyFoung, 去向苗民们宣布,说:“Souvanna Phouma让我来告诉你们,虽然王宝与他的高级将领们已经离开了老挝,但你们不要怕。他们不得不离开,他们别无选择!那是他们的问题,而对于你们来说,不会有什么大问题的。只要你没有什么高的职位,比如上校啊,将军啊,就不会有什么事情。”绝大多数的苗族人不相信Touby LyFoung所说的这些话,还是决定离开老挝。一位叫Vang Teng的苗族人大声对人们说:我们相信,老挝政府,或别的任何政府,都不会向成千的民众开枪扫射的,所以我们要一起扎堆走,那样我们才会安全。就这样,528日,一万苗族人试图通过那座新合桥,当他们来到了桥边,士兵们设置了障碍物,向天空放枪,也向人群射击,还动用了迫击炮和刺刀。人们四散逃往山里。



逃亡的经历因个人出发地点的不一样,以及家庭经济状况不一样而各不相同。一位苗族回忆说:十分可怕,我们不得不丢下几乎所有的家什,我记得我就背了两包衣服。我的侄子也在一起,我的兄弟受了上,他有一个女儿,才两岁多,不太会走路,所以我只好背着她,大家一起从丛林中穿过,这样大家才安全一点。



在逃亡的过程中,有的被巴特寮杀死,有的因饥饿而死。有一伙人出发的时候有8000人,当他们197712月到达泰国的时候只剩下了2500人。有的因为巴特寮使用了化学雾剂黄雨致病和死亡,还有的小孩因为他们的父母为了使他们保持安静,给他们服用了过量的鸦片而导致死亡。一位苗族解释说:一旦小孩哭闹,大人就将鸦片混在水里给他们喝,这样他们就安静了,士兵们就不会听见小孩的哭声,一旦士兵听见哭声,他们就会找到丛林中的人们,并将大家杀死。小孩吃了鸦片一般只是睡着,但不小心吃多了,就会死去,这经常发生。有的老人往往体力不支,走不动路。一般人们要花三个月走山路,再花一个月走平地,才到达老挝与泰国边境线。



即使幸运地达到了边境线,还有一道障碍横亘在前面,那就是湄公河。很多苗族将湄公河看成是救命河,一旦渡过了河,命就有救了。可是,据估计,这条河每挽救了一条生命的同时,就有另一条生命消失在丛林里,或这条河里。一位苗族人回忆说:很多伙人都死了,而我们这伙人一共有45人,只死了两个小孩。他们死是因为他们不会游泳。我们横渡湄公河的时候,恰巧有大风浪,那两个小孩只有三四岁,没人救他们,他们大口呛水,当他们漂到岸边时,已经死了。



大多数苗族人是用竹子漂浮渡过湄公河的,也有的用橡皮袋子当救生圈用。Shu Blong Her回忆说:我是用两根竹子夹在胳膊底下,浮着游过去的,非常艰难。我的父母没有一起逃走,因为我们在丛林里就快饿死了,他们只好走回头路,去向巴特寮投降。一位叫Thom Xai Lor的苗族回忆说:我们有竹子,我们把竹子绑在一起做成竹筏渡过去。当时是艰难的,因为妇女和孩子不会游泳,他们得抓紧我。我们漂着,被河流往下冲,当我们到达河对岸的时候,被冲到下面离出发的地方有一两里远。



当时很难找到汽车轮胎,也非常贵,因为在边境巡逻的士兵看见卖汽车轮胎的人就杀死。也有的苗族人付给泰族人(傣族)钱,让他们用船渡过河。苗族人逃往泰国时往往是一大伙一大伙的,往往50人左右一伙,每一伙人里一般包括妻子、孩子、父母,还有亲戚。当时逃往泰国的苗族中,有超过三分之一的,其亲属依然留在老挝。



即使19755月王宝将军离开了老挝,而且大多数苗族也逃离家园去往泰国避难,有一部分苗族还是选择了隐入丛林,继续与巴特寮抗争的道路。这部分苗族称自己为天空战士”(Sky Soldiers)Sky是当时美国在老挝军事行动的代号。大批苗民遁入山中,挖出他们埋藏的枪支,重新组织起抵抗运动。人数最多的一拨隐藏在坛子平原东南部的Phu Bia山里。1975年后期,巴特寮的军队袭击了Phu Bia山下正在地里干活的妇女儿童,苗民们也进行了报复,他们炸毁桥梁,设置路障,摧毁车队。当敌人从山崖下走过的时候,他们从上面滚下石头。Phu Bia山区一直到1977年都在苗族的控制之下。后来被越南军队占领了。



有一支留下来的人群称为“教发(Chao Fa)”,据有一些民间宗教组织的色彩。Chao Fa的意思是天王(Lords of the Sky神的使者(God’s Disciple他们相信有一种神能给他们力量以战胜巴特寮。



巴特寮使用各种手段来摧毁苗族人的抵抗,除了像1975年以前那样动用军事武力,他们还烧毁苗族人的村寨,还向隐藏于丛林中的苗族人投放化学雾剂。坚持不下去而走出丛林向巴特寮投降的苗族人,则被送到洗脑营进行再教育。



王宝原来是想再回老挝重振旗鼓的,这随着时间的推移,已经越来越不现实了。但美国的苗族对这一部分继续作战的苗族还是很关注的。美国苗族基本上已经放弃了再回老挝作战的念头,但依然想帮助留在老挝的苗族不再受苦,希望他们能和政府不再对立。



从老挝来到泰国,不论怎样,苗族人暂时脱离了危险。早期的难民营是建立在原来的美国军事基地。泰国政府一开始允许苗族难民们在Nong KhaiNanChiang Rai等省份建立营篷,但很快就感到情况不妙,因为难民像潮水般涌来,带来了很大的压力,食物的供给就给泰国政府造成了头疼的问题。这样,泰国政府就把苗族难民限制在边境线附近的Chang KhongChan KhamBan Nam YaoSob TuangBan Vinai等地区。下面是涌进泰国的包括苗族在内的一个人数统计表:



年份   山民(主要为苗族)   平地老挝族



1975        44659                           10195



1976        7266                             19499



1977        3873                             18070



1978        8013                             48781



1979        23943                           22045



1980        14801                           28967



1981        4356                             16377



1982        1816                             3203



1983        2920                             4571



1984        3627                             14616



1985        623                               12388



1986        4223



在湄公河南边15公里远的Ban Vinai地区,聚集着45千多苗族难民,占用了4百多公顷的荒地,很快成了最大的苗族难民营。那里秩序良好,没有什么带刺的铁丝网,也没有哨兵把守。在难民营,有的妇女也做一些刺绣什么的来买,挣些钱来用,改善家人的生活。进入难民营大门口的大路两旁还布满了小摊子,买一些彩色艳丽的苗族织锦,被子、刺绣什么的。有人回忆说,那里看起来不像一个难民营,而更像一个苗族村寨。



在难民营的经历各不相同,这和什么时候到达泰国也有很大关系。一开始泰国人对苗族还比较热情,后来因为来的人数越来越多,给泰国造成了很大的压力,泰国人也慢慢地变得越来越冷漠了,越来越不愿意接受苗族难民了。



一位叫Chue Thao Xiong的人是这样描述当时的情景的:当我们去泰国的时候我们十分穷。我们渡过湄公河,那是十分艰难的。泰国人试图杀死我们,于是我们跑,分成小股人马去泰国。如果泰国人抓住你,他们会把你遣返到老挝,你要是想逃脱他们还会惩罚你。如果你被遣返,你可能会再次逃到泰国去。我们吃香蕉,吃竹子,喝河里的水。我们受饥挨饿,有一些人死掉了。香蕉皮我们也吃,因为没有东西可吃了。(《The Hmong and their stories》第116页)



在联合国的帮助下,后期的难民生活有很大改善。有的苗族难民回忆说:“每天都是一样的生活,早上4点,大家就开始醒来了,开始生活做饭。中午,整个营都充满了生活的气息。小孩子们到处都是,有的光着屁股,有玩不完的游戏。一位在那里工作的志愿者说:那里的苗族人组织得很好,他们每个氏族设一个头领,下面又设有小的头领。这种组织给医务人员带来很大的便利,比如给他们打预防针什么的。



难民营的小孩也可以得到一定的教育。2003年,我曾在美国罗得岛的首府参加过一次苗年,当时问过一位叫Pao的人他在泰国难民营的生活。他说:整天没有多少事情可做,我们也上课,数学、物理什么的,我还学了一点汉语,是一位台湾人教的。可是我们现在几乎都忘了,只记得几个单词。我们有时也有肉吃,猪肉、鸡肉。我在圣保罗也碰见一位姓罗的人,他说他在泰国难民营学了三年的汉语,我与他用汉语对话,他的汉语口语确实很好(有意思的是,他说在到美国九年了,英语还是不好,对于他来说,英语比汉语难多了)。



在难民营居住的时间各人长短不一,有的人住了几个月,有的住了长达十几年。不同的人可能会有不同的经历与感受,但有一点是同样的,就是等待。他们不知道未来是什么,将到哪里去。很多人幻想着有一天能回到老挝,重返自己的家园,但幻想都破灭了。从此他们开始了去往西方的迁徙之路。有的去往美国,有的去往法国,有的去往澳大利亚,有的去往加拿大,还有的去往法属圭纳亚。



在联合国的作用下,驻扎在泰国难民营的老挝苗族,以及那里的其它一些少数民族难民,从1975年开始陆续迁往西方一些国家。美国,作为越南战争的主角,自然是最大的接收国家,战争初期,美国就曾经许诺过苗族,一旦战败(注:美国人并不认为是战败了),就会给苗族找新的居住地。苗族人主要都是迁往美国,很重要的原因自然与美国是最大接收国有关,同时也与王宝迁往这里有关,王宝将军是老挝苗族的精神领袖,他去哪里,苗族人也会跟到哪里。



那么,是否所有的苗族难民都可以迁往美国?也不是。当时移民美国是有条件的,但不同时期条件有所变化。一开始只允许当过兵为美国作过战的人,以及他们的直系亲属移居美国。我在访谈时碰见过这样一个美国苗族,他说,他与母亲一开始没能移民美国,因为父亲已经在战争中死亡,而他与他母亲无法证明他父亲为美国作过战,所以就这样一直住在泰国难民营里很长时间。后来,碰巧他父亲的一位战友无意中找到了一张战地上与他父亲合影的照片,就靠着这张照片,他们才得到了美国的批准。后来,移居美国的条件适当放宽,军人的远亲也可以申请。从1975年开始,每年都有苗族难民移居美国,有时一年几千人,最多的一年是1980年,去了27200人。2004年是美国最后一次接收住在泰国的老挝苗族难民,这一次也是条件最宽松的,只要是验血合格,没有吸毒的,都可以申请。美国准备那一次把这个移民问题全部解决,使以后再没有苗族难民的移民问题。



老挝苗族难民刚到美国的时候,美国政府是怎么安置这些人的呢?当时美国政府是想怎样对待苗族文化的呢?为什么又出现了第二次迁徙呢?



为了使刚到美国的老挝苗族难民快速地适应美国的生活,以及不让某一个社区因为这些难民的到来而带来太多的负担,美国政府认为,必须让苗族人快速地被同化,忘记他们自己的传统文化。于是美国联邦政府采取了一种“分而处之”的安置政策,把到达美国的苗族安置到25个州的53个城市。从1975年第一批苗族难民来到美国开始,联邦政府就要求那些从事安置工作的组织在任何一个州都不要安置超过3000人的难民。一位最早迁移到美国的苗族老人告诉我说:我们大家一起坐飞机到美国,但一下飞机我们就被各自带到不同的城市去了,刚来到美国,人生地不熟的,加上语言的问题,我们很快失去了联系。”这些有的被集体安置在一些简易的房屋,也有一些被一些基督徒领到家里暂时居住。



但是,美国是一个比较人性化的国家,它的制度决定了这种安置政策难以长久实行。从1981年开始,美国开始允许新来的苗族难民能与家人或亲戚团聚,他们发现,33%的新难民已经在美国有近亲,而34%的新难民则有远亲,只有1/3的人没有亲戚。这样,只有这些没有亲戚的人才被分散安置,其余的都投靠他们的亲戚去了,这无形中使苗族走向聚居。



另外,美国是一个没有“户口”的国家,只要自己愿意迁移到某一个地方居住,把家具扔上车就可以走人,没有任何人来限制你必须在某一个地方居住。所以,即使美国政府一开始将苗族难民分散安置,但他们没有办法阻止苗族热人自己慢慢聚拢到一起,并形成苗族聚居区。面对“分而处之”的安置政策,苗族领导人进行了认真的思考,他们最后采用了他们在中国和老挝惯用的解决方式——迁徙。在1982年到1984年,1/3的苗族都从一个城市迁徙到了另一个城市。这一迁徙,在美国被称为第二次迁徙。



正因为这一迁徙,苗族人开始大量聚居,形成目前苗族分布的格局。苗族人口最多的州是加州,其次是明尼苏达州,第三是威斯康星州。人口上一千的城市有10个。最集中的是明尼苏达州的圣保罗-明尼阿波利斯(St.Paul -Minneapolis)双子城,有苗族40707人,这是苗族人口最多的城市。这两个城市,虽然在行政划分上是两个,其实是连着的,也可以看成是一个城市。排在第二的是加利福尼亚州的弗雷日诺(Fresno),这是加州的农业重镇,有苗族22456人(注:这是上一次,即2000年的统计数字,美国每十年一次人口普查)。



经过在美国国土上的那次迁徙,苗族在美国的分布基本固定下来。人口却随着移民的增加以及人口的出生在不断增多。



如果你将美国苗族人口的问题问几个美国苗族,你可能会得到不同的答案,从书上你也可以看到不同的数字。一种是169428人,一种是186310人,还有一种是约25—30万。前两个数字都是2000年美国人口普查的数字,而关于30万的数字,见于《The Hmong and Their Stories》说是估计有这么多。Cathleen Jo Faruque在她的论著《Migration of Hmong to the Midwestern United States》中也说约有约30万苗族迁徙到了美国,奇怪的是,这本书出版在2002年,已经可以看到2000年人口普查的数字了。有一种说法是,有一些苗族人从老挝到美国探亲,就逗留不归了,但这种说法不是很可信,因为这个数据实在太大。



美国的人口普查是十年一次,最近的一次是在2000年,前一次在1990年。之所以苗族人口会出现两个不同的数字,是因为169428这个数字是指那些说父母都是苗族血统的人,而186310这个数字是加上了那些父母一方是苗族血统,而另一方不是苗族血统的人。另外,想补充一下的是,在2005年出版的《Hmong Studies Journal》第6卷上有一篇叫《Who is Hmong? Questions and Evidence from the U.S.Census》的文章,这篇文章指出,2000年人口普查时用来确定是否是苗族概念过于狭小,指出如果把范围扩大,把在普查时说自己的种族、祖先、或语言是苗的,都算为苗族的话,那么2000年人口普查的苗族人口应该是204948人。



美国苗族人口的增长,一是生育,一是每年都有难民继续迁移过来。以下是一份《The Hmong and Their Stories》提供的每年苗族以及其他少数民族迁徙到美国的统计表:



年份     人数



1975                  300



1976                  3000



1977                  1700



1978                  3900



1979                  11300



1980                  27200



1981                  3700



1982                  2600



1983                  700



1984                  2800



1985                  1900



1986                  3700



1987                  8300



1988                  10400



1989                  8500



1990                  5200



1991                  6400



1992                  6800



这些苗族主要分布在加利福尼亚、明尼苏达、威斯康星、北卡罗琳那等州。从一张美国苗族分布图我们可以看得很清楚,图中颜色越深的,表示苗族人口越多。



说美国苗族的支系,得先看看东南亚苗族的支系,因为美国苗族是从那里来的。从资料上看,越南的苗族支系最杂,除了白苗和青苗,还有黑苗、花苗、红苗等很多种(请参考石茂明的《跨国苗族研究》),这些不同的支系之间都能够相互通话,差别远远小于中国不同地区苗族之间的差别,其实都可以归为白苗和青苗两种。在老挝和泰国,苗族支系一般分青苗、白苗和黑苗三种,黑苗是属于白苗的一个亚支系。



美国苗族是从老挝经过泰国去的美国,其支系自然与老挝时候是一样的。但是,在美国,一般只强调有两个支系,即白苗(Hmong Daw)与青苗(Mong Njua)。白苗下面的亚支系黑苗几乎没见被提起,本来其差别很小,在这里其差别一般不被人们重视和提起。支系的划分,就和语言的方言一样,其界线是很模糊的,你可以单独列出来,也可以不列出来。



美国苗族的这两个支系,白苗自称为Hmong Daw,青苗自称为Mong Njua。白苗英语翻译为white Hmong,没有什么可争议的。但关于青苗的英语翻译,就比较乱了,这种乱体现在两点:



1、 苗语中的绿色和蓝色是不区分的,因此有人翻译为blue, 有人翻译为green.



2、 用Hmong还是用Mong. 前者是白苗的自称,后者是青苗的自称。白苗想用Hmong来表示所有的苗族,而青苗的人不愿意那样。双方为此也发生过争论。所以,我们会看到Blue HmongBlue MongGreen HmongGreen Mong等不同的写法。在一些文章中,也有将H用括号括起来,写成(H)mong



无论是写为Hmong 还是写为Mong,美国苗族都不愿意被称为Miao(苗),因为在他们看来,是带有贬义的称呼,不过随着与中国苗族交往的增多,这种状况有所改变。



2004年中国载人航天成功,杨立伟扬名天下,当时有一位美国苗族问我:杨立伟是苗族吗?我说不是,他又不解地问:他不是姓杨吗?怎么会不是苗族呢?



产生这样的问题,与美国苗族的姓氏有关。美国的苗族也与中国苗族一样,有姓张的,有姓李的,有姓王的,等等。可是,大多数美国苗族并不知道他们的姓来自汉姓,以为是苗族原生的。苗族使用汉姓,到底具体从什么时候开始,目前我们也还不是特别清楚,但有一点很明确,苗族迁徙到东南亚的时候,他们已经有了汉姓,他们是借用了汉姓之后才离开中国的。离开了中国,也就离开了汉语的环境,不知道这些姓是来自哪里,又是什么意思。当然,这只是指大多数人而言,有一些知识分子还是知道其来源的,比如有一位姓吴的小伙子就给过我一份关于吴姓起源的英文材料,其中还就将“吴”的起源追溯到春秋时的吴国。



老挝苗族姓氏达20多个。迁徙到美国的时候,几乎所有姓氏的人都去了,但是,目前一般只说美国苗族有18个姓氏。我在做访谈的时候也有人明确说其实不止18个姓氏,只是有的姓氏人数太少了,被忽略不计了。比如,在圣保罗有5家姓朝(Chao)的,有2家姓冯(Fong)的。美国苗族这18个姓如下:



Chang/Cha (Tsaab):张
Chue (Tswb):朱
Cheng (Tsheej):陈
Fang (Faj):黄
Her (Hawj):侯
Hang (Taag/Haam):项
Khang (Khaab):康
Kong (Koo):巩(有人认为是
Kue (Kwm):古
Lee /Ly(Lis):李
Lor (Lauj):罗
Moua (Muas/Zag):马(有人翻译为
Pha (Phab):潘
Thao (Thoj):陶
Vang (Vaaj/Vaj):王
Vue (Vwj):吴(有人翻译为
Xiong (Xyooj):熊
Yang(yaaj):杨



在圣保罗,王姓人数最多,大概有500多家。这里有一个18姓协会,地址在:1010 University Avenue West,Suite224,St.Paul,MN 55104。每一个姓都有一个理事作为代表。这18个姓氏的苗族又都有自己的组织和领导,家族组织会常常一起开会讨论事物,解决家族中的一些事情,在社会中起到非常重要的作用,同一姓氏中的人会相互帮助。家族之间的一些争端也往往由姓氏/家族的头目来解决。在苗族人之间介绍一个人的时候,往往会把你属于哪一个家族也介绍进去,比如我在圣保罗的时候,每当他们介绍我的时候就说我是Hmong Vue(吴家苗)。还记得20041月我由波士顿去圣保罗去做调查的时候,是熊玉平来机场接我,并邀请我住他家,但他从机场接到我之后的第一件事情,就是打电话给吴家的头人,告诉他说吴家来了一个客人。我在圣保罗待了20天时间,这期间,他还特意将我交给一位吴家的人(吴楚,他是18姓理事会的办公室主任)去住了两天,以表示对吴家的尊重。按传统的做法,吴家的人来了,应该由吴家的人来接待。在这两天中,我还参加了吴家的一次会议,讨论资助吴家的贫困学生的事情。200310月我在罗得岛参加苗年的时候,也碰见一家姓吴的(这个州苗族本身就很少),他家也非要我去住一晚上,但时间有限,没能去成,可见他们对同姓人的情感认同很浓。



这张照片摄于2004124日晚上8点。照片上的男人是一位很有威望的美国苗族,他大病一场,病愈后大家为其做了一个康复的仪式。旁边站着的三位女人,是他的三位妻子,按离他近远分别是大老婆、二老婆和小老婆。



苗族是从1975年开始移居美国的,文化在很大程度上还依然保持其传统因素。在老挝,苗族人一夫多妻是合法的,很多男人有好几个妻子。据说王宝将军就有7个妻子,也有人说有9个。美国是一夫一妻制的国度,当苗族移居美国的时候,首先会碰到的问题之一自然是多妻,采取的方法就是离婚。许多有很多妻子的苗族男人往往和最需要关照的妻子保持婚姻关系,比如还有为成年孩子的妻子,或年龄最大需要照顾的妻子,等等。但话说回来,在美国苗族社区里,因这一原因离了婚的男女,依然被苗族人公认为事实上的夫妻,他们也依然保持事实上的婚姻关系,没有人敢去打那些表面上离了婚,但实际上还是“有主”的妇人的主意。当然,这种一夫多妻的遗留在很快地消失,在美国长大的苗族年轻人都不再是这一婚姻制度的传承者了。这里顺便说一句,不要把一夫多妻想象是很久远的事情,我国废除一夫多妻制度不也就50多年的事情吗?

【附其它相关网址】



https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/苗族裔美國人



http://xinjiang-laoli.hxwk.org/2016/06/15/苗人在美国/



美国苗族人研究 http://niis.cssn.cn/webpic/web/niis/upload/2012/11/d20121130151647650.pdf














星期二, 六月 30, 2020

一个美国福音派年轻人的心声

一个美国福音派年轻人的心声

作者:Ben Cremer

(中文版机器翻译自作者脸书:https://www.facebook.com/ben.cremer/posts/866911267384,题目为转发者所加,感谢作者允准翻译及转载)




有人问我,为什么我认为我们这一代人正在离开福音派传统?我开始写回应,然后我开始崩溃。一开始是回应,但后来变成对一个传统,一个我热爱和珍惜的传统的哀叹。

我5岁时就把生命交给了耶稣,后来受洗进入教会。我7岁时被呼召做牧师,即使经历了几次重大的信仰危机,我也无法撼动这个呼召。从2004年到2012年,我在一些我有幸遇到的最伟大的神学大师手下、也在他们身边学习。这使我对基督呼召我们成为的教会的关心远远超过了对一个政党或其意识形态的关心。

我的许多朋友已经离开了信仰。我很想念他们。哀叹他们为什么离开对我是很重要的,我希望能从这些哀叹中悔改和学习,我希望他们和他们的后代能重新加入我们并留下来。

这是我写给福音派的哀歌。这不是写给某个人、某一代人、某个政党或宗派的。这只是把我这一代人对福音派传统本身的哀叹做一个汇编。希望你能以谦卑的精神来阅读它,正如我也以谦卑的态度写下它。

福音派,你们教给我们这一代人基督徒的生活方式,可悲的是你们一直没有活出来。

你们教导我们要先求神的国,但你们却常常先求美国的强大。

你们教导我们要宣扬基督是万物之主,但当谈到真正的权力时,我们听到的却是你们在谈论总统。

你们教导我们要纯洁和尊重,但当我们呼吁政治领袖对妇女和有色人种发表不健康的言论时,你们却对我们大发雷霆。

你们教我们暴力不是解决问题的方法,也教我们爱我们的敌人,但你们却似乎对战争和持枪权如此痴迷。

你们教导我们要传播福音,但我们从你那里听到的却大多是政治意识形态的传播。

你们教导我们要以朋友的身份欢迎陌生人,帮助那些需要帮助的人,但你们却如此轻蔑地谈论移民和难民。

你们教导我们要悔改,然而当我们想从种族主义、军国主义和民族主义中悔改时,你们却把我们当作只是在政治上被误导,而不是因为福音而下决心悔改。

你们教导我们,所有的生命都是神圣的,却说得好像这只适用于未出生的人。我们也关心人类生命存在和被关心的所有其他方式,甚至地球本身,它的气候,它的动物,以及它的未来。

你们告诉我们与上帝的关系是福音的道路,与行为或律法无关。但我们听到的很多话语,都是关于努力让对我们有利的人在政治上掌权,和通过塑造法律制度来支持符合我们价值观的东西。

你们教导我们单单敬拜上帝,视圣经为我们的主要权威,但你们却表现得好像这个国家和它的宪法跟圣经是在同一个层面上具有权威。

你们说我们这一代人懒惰,被权利惯坏,并因为我们离开教会而羞辱我们。虽然你们的批评有些准确,有些不准确,但我们觉得你们自己先放弃了很多你们教给我们的东西,变成懒惰的教会,被政治权力惯坏。

也许我们这一代人在福音派中的空间越来越小,因为比起成为基督的教会,福音派更渴望美国成为一个基督教国家。我们这代基督徒更想成为教会而不是其它。


(附英文原文)

Someone asked me why I thought my generation is leaving the Evangelical tradition. I started to write then I started to breakdown. What started as an answer turned into a lament over my tradition. A tradition I love and cherish.

I gave my life to Jesus when I was 5 and was later baptized into the church. I was called to be a pastor when I was 7 years old and even through I had several major crisis of faith, I couldn’t shake that call. From 2004 to 2012, I studied under and next to some of the greatest theological minds I’ve ever had the privilege of meeting. This caused me to care far more about being the church Christ called us to be than I’d ever care about a political party or its ideologies.

Many of my friends have left the faith. I miss them. It’s important to lament why they left and I hope to repent and learn from those ways so they and the future generations may join us and stay.
Here is my letter of lament to evangelicalism. This is not written to individuals, a particular generation, political party, or denomination. This is just compiled laments from my generation about the tradition itself. May you read it in the humble spirit in which it was written:

Evangelicalism, the way you taught my generation to live is sadly not what you’ve been living out.
You taught us to pursue the kingdom of God first, yet you so often pursue America first.
You taught us to proclaim Christ as Lord of all, but when it comes to talk of real power, all we hear you talking about is presidents.

You taught us about purity and respect, yet get mad at us when we call out political leaders for their unwholesome remarks about women and people of color.

You taught us that violence isn’t the way to solve our problems and to love our enemies, yet you seem so preoccupied with war and the right to bear arms.

You taught us to spread the gospel, yet so much of what we hear from you is the spreading of political ideologies.

You taught us to welcome the stranger as a friend and help those in need, yet you talk so disparagingly about immigrants and refugees.

You taught us to repent, yet when we want to repent from racism, jingoism, and nationalism, you treat us as if we are just politically misguided rather than gospel determined.

You taught us that all life is sacred, yet talk as if it only applies to the the unborn. We also care about all other ways human life exists and is cared for; even the earth itself, it’s climate, it’s animals, and it’s future.

You told us relationship was the way of the gospel and it had nothing to do with works or legalism, yet we hear so much talk about working to get the right people in political power and to shape the legal system in favor of what we value.

You taught us to worship God alone and see scripture as our primary authority, yet you act as though this country and it’s constitution is on their same level.

You called my generation lazy, entitled, and shame us for leaving the church. While some of your criticisms are accurate, some not, we feel like you’ve abandoned so much of what you’ve taught us, become lazy as the church and entitled over political power.

Maybe there’s less and less room for my generation in evangelicalism because there’s more of a desire to be a Christian nation than there is to be a Christian church. We want to be the church more than anything.

星期三, 六月 24, 2020

My Journey of Faith


My Journey of Faith


Jidian


[Author's note] The following testimony was included in the newly published book Heartreach: The Ongoing Project Dengke Story by British Christian adventurer and philanthropist Professor Mel Richardson (Chapter 18, pp. 153-166). It was slightly revised and updated at the end when it is posted here on the author's blog.





It was close to the sunset time. I went out of the Tibetan style “Friendship Center” built by the British Christians and walked to the new memorial and museum of General Dengma (a historical Tibetan warrior and leader). I was in this small Tibetan village called Luoxu, or Dengke before it changed its name a few years ago (I am still used to calling it Dengke). After taking a few photos of the memorial, I walked towards the river. It is called the “Jinsha River”, the Chinese name for this section of the Yangtze near its source. I stood there with a lot of emotions in my heart – this was the site where we (the expedition team) camped with our tents 28 years ago.

This was the summer of 2018. A few days earlier I flew from my home in the Baltimore (US) suburb to my hometown of Chengdu, Sichuan in China. Then I flew to the Tibetan city of Yushu in the Qinghai Province, and took a few hours of ad hoc minivan-for-hire trip to the little town of Dengke. I came here to join the Project Dengke 2018 team and spend a few days with them. It was also a re-visit and a reunion because I was here with the first British hovercraft expedition in 1990, although only one member on the 1990 team, Mel Richardson the “nutty professor”, was here this year.

While listening to the sound of running water in the river, I thought about how the trip to this exact place 28 years ago impacted on me and changed my life. I thought about how it influenced my spiritual journey from an atheist to a Christian. I could not but marvel at God’s grace and providence.

28 years ago, I was a young professional in the city of Chengdu working for a chemical industry research institute as a polymer scientist. That was one year after the “June 4th (incident)”. I might look like a “normal” young man outside, but I had a lot of pain and struggles deep in my heart. The June 4th event had very profound impact on me.

I was born into a Chinese intellectual family. Both my parents graduated from the Huaxi Medical University, which was a Christian medical school established by western missionaries before the communist era (my parents entered the university after 1949 and were atheists).  After their graduation, they were “assigned by the Party” to a very rural, remote and poor Tibetan area in Sichuan (in the same Garze Autonomous Tibetan Area as Dengke is) and worked there for more than 20 years.  They spent the best years in their lives serving people there as medical doctors while living a very hard life.  

I was raised by my grandma in the city of Chengdu so I could get the educations.  I learnt and knew at a very young age that I had to study hard, to get outstanding scores and to enter college if I wanted to escape from having to end up in the poor Tibetan area.  This became the whole purpose of my life and I studied very hard.  In 1982 I fulfilled my dream and entered Fudan University in Shanghai, which is one of the best universities in China (nicknamed “China’s Yale”).  I was only 16 when I left my hometown to pursue higher education in the thousand-miles-away city of Shanghai.  

All the education I could get in China was imbued with heavy atheist teachings.  Fudan University was known for its academic openness and “westernization”.  While in Fudan, I started to become very interested in western thoughts and culture (probably more than subjects in my chemistry major), and began to build up a self-centered worldview and life philosophy out of the influence by the non-Christian western thoughts.  By then I already had doubted and rebelled against the “official” communist ideology, but I was not seeking my faith deeply.  I thought my faith was “I do not believe in anything”.  

After graduation, I went back to Chengdu and started to work in the research institute.  I entered the real world without a fixed faith or a matured worldview.  On one hand, I felt lost and aimless, and learnt to be “just like everyone else”, wasting time and damaging my own health on “entertainments” such as playing mahjong (with gambling) all night or drinking bai jiu (Chinese hard liquor) to be drunk. On the other hand, deep in my heart, I was unwilling to sink like others because I thought I still had a little remainder of the traditional Chinese intellectual style, i.e., Confucian, ideals and ambitions.  Those ideals and ambitions were not clear, yet I believed that at least I had the desire to be a good and useful man to the society and to make contributions to my country.

When the June 4th event happened, I was on the street of Chengdu with many young students and intellectuals.  I was much excited and actively involved in the movement.  Tragically, the flame of our patriot enthusiasm was quickly put out by cruel reality (similar suppressing took place in Chengdu as in Beijing).  With the feeling of miserable disillusion, my heart sank to deep darkness and hopelessness.  Without a faith, I was not able to face the reality and I could not find an answer to my hearts’ questions, and life became meaningless and unbearably painful.  I was totally lost and broken spiritually.  

I tried hard to escape this feeling of being lost by seeking money and pleasure, but I totally failed to get any real satisfaction from those.  Moreover, the surroundings around me were showing me how treacherous and dark human hearts could be every day.  I started to realize that “the heart of the problem is the problem of heart”, and how insignificant and pitiful I was myself.  With all those incurable weaknesses of myself, I was unable to go beyond myself, let alone to practise the Confucian idealism of “cultivation of personality, regulation of family, order of the nation, and peace and harmony of the world”.  

In the spiritual pain and thirst, I began to realize the desperate needs for a transcendent faith.  I started to seek philosophical and religious knowledge.  I read a lot about things of “spiritual” nature, which ranged from western philosophy to traditional Chinese beliefs, and even included things like Qi Gong and fortune telling.  Occasionally I would find a little sparkle of human wisdom in those writings, but they did not give me any significant answers.  Some of my readings were related to Christianity, but most of them in were very negative, criticizing and even attacking Christianity as a superstitious religion or imperialist tool.  Only a few books were introducing Christian thoughts as one kind of western philosophical or cultural resource.  One of books was authored by Dr. Liu Xiaofeng who was later deemed a leading “cultural Christian”.  The book was titled “Salvation and Carefree-ness”, and in it Christian worldview was compared with other western and oriental thoughts and cultures.  In a strange way, this book created some affinity and good impression for Christianity on me.

At the same time, God also gave me a few opportunities to know some Christian friends, although there were so few of them in China.  Then came my encounter with the British hovercraft expedition. In 1990, with my English speaking ability, I took some tests and got a license to lead tourist groups as an interpreter guide. One day on the campus of Huaxi Medical University, I met a few guys of the British team, and chatted with them. (One of them was Gwyn Davies-Scourfield, and a picture of me talking with him on that day is in Dick Bell’s To the Source of Yangtze.) And they were very friendly with me and we saw each other for a few more times for me to practice my English with them. I learned that the team would use hovercraft to go upstream the Yangtze to the source of the river, and to access the Tibetan areas along the banks of the river’s upstream.  Besides scientific investigations, they would send medicines and technologies to those remote areas for humanitarian aids by the unique way of transportation. So within the group they had a polymer science and engineering team led by Mel Richardson, and a medical team led by “Dr. Ray” (Rachel Grace Pinniger).

And then the head of a mountaineer group in a Chinese geography research institute came to me and asked me if I would take a temporary job as the interpreter for him and join them to accompany and assist the British expedition team in the Garze-Shiqu area. Garze, Tibetan, medical, polymer…, all these words naturally bring upon my heart connections to my background, and I was more than willing to take the job, although I dared not tell my boss at my research institute (those were the days when Deng Xiaoping just opened China’s door to the world, and the first wave just arose of Chinese intellectuals taking “the second career” to make extra money, which was forbidden before.)  

So I went on the journey to Dengke with the British team and their Chinese company.  I soon learnt that the British side was a team consisted mostly of Christians, and they had to face a lot of difficulties and challenges in Graze. Not only did they have to face the extremely harsh geographical environment in the areas near the source of Yangtze, but also they had to deal with the most frustrating bureaucracy and materialist greed of the Chinese side.  It even made me to lose heart and patience and get angry.  However, I saw with my own eyes how these Christians prayed and trusted their God to face the difficulties, and how they showed their Christian love, not only to the people they helped (mostly the Tibetans), but also to those who made it difficult for them, with forgiveness and understanding. I became the team’s friend and in many things I was obviously on their side instead of the Chinese side.

I saw how they worshiped on Sundays in their tents on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (with Mel playing guitar for the hymns). But more impressively, I saw how Dr. Ray gave vaccination to little Tibetan kids, and how the team talked to a few Tibetans with leprosy and prayed for them, much to the dismay and fear of the Chinese side. I saw the British gentlemen physically labored hard to remove rocks that blocked the road. I saw how kind the team members were to the Tibetan villagers and how much they desired to help the Tibetans by building a simple bridge or a humble house… The British Christians’ positive attitude to life and their unwavering faith in God gave me such a wonderful and powerful testimony during the more than one month’s time I lived and worked together with them, even though they did not get much time to tell me about God and study the Bible with me.

The expedition was later broadcasted in Britain and on CCTV (the national station of China Central TV), including scenes of their Sunday worship on the highland by the River. I was punished by the research institute by announcing on the big PA system to hundreds of my colleagues my mistake and the official condemnation, for going beyond my vacation days (because of delay by a big snow storm) and not telling the truth about the trip. But as the Chinese idiom says, I also “got goodness out of misfortune”.  A beautiful young lady was in the audience and was impressed with my ability to commit such a “crime”. I later managed to date her and today she is my wife. More important than that is the British Christians’ good witness, which canceled out a lot of my preconceived misunderstandings and aversion towards Christianity, paving the way for my conversion.  

After the expedition, a young friend of mine told me that he had become a Christian, and invited me to one of their house church Bible study gatherings.  I was amazed to see a group of young intellectuals with similar background as mine pray, sing hymns, study the Bible and share together.  However, at that time, I knew almost nothing about God and the Bible, and my good impression of Christianity was only on the cultural and intellectual level.  I did not even think about personal relationship with God and what it means for my life.

In August 1992, I came to the United States to pursue graduate study (in chemistry) at the University of Alabama and to seek my “America Dream”.  Being able to “make it” abroad was not easy at all for a young Chinese intellectual.  Besides the academic challenges (only the very top ones with exceedingly good TOEFL and GRE scores could get the admission and financial aid), it was extremely difficult to get the passport from the Chinese authority (especially because I was involved in the June 4th event) and the visa from the American Consulate.  I spent four days and four nights in front of the U.S. Consulate in Chengdu, and nearly missed my I-20 form for the visa (it was lost and the replica did not get in my hand until the last day before my interview with the Consulate).  Thinking back today, it is clear that I was able to come to the US only because God’s loving hand was working behind everything.

The first period of time after I arrived in Alabama was very tough, since I had to endure loneness away from my family and my newly wedded wife, and to cope with new life in a strange land.  During that time, I got much help from some fellow Chinese graduate students and their families, most of whom I soon found out to be Christians young in their Christian lives. They picked me up from the airport on day one, gave me rides to shop, invited me to their homes for Chinese meals, picked up old mattress others threw away for me to use as bed (there was no furniture in my apartment in the beginning), and offered many other helps.  They took me to their Bible studies and I got to know many other Christian friends, Chinese and American.  Their loving deeds and kind help brought a lot of warmth to me, and I was much touched by the love they lived out which I knew had to come from their Christian faith.  The peace and joy from their lives were so real and inspiring and just as my experience with the British expedition team, it again caused me to desire to have such a life.

The Bible studies in the Chinese Christian Fellowship in the small southern college town gave me much-needed opportunities to learn about the basic but accurate doctrines of Christianity.  In the beginning I had tons of questions to ask, and was quite a difficult and tough seeker. Fortunately the Bible studies were very open, and the Christian friends responded to my harsh, opinionated and provoking questions with much patience and wisdom. My knowledge and understanding increased quickly with all the debates and discussions. I started to realize that I had a lot of misunderstanding and prejudice to Christianity, and I had to overcome many obstacles out of my atheist and rationalist thinking paradigm.  The much profound thinking and discussion on issues such as the true-ness of the bible, creation vs. evolution, faith and reason, and Christianity vs. other religions and cultures, etc., convinced me that the Christian belief is truth and broke my intellectual stronghold bit by bit. The Bible and Jesus’ teachings had even greater impact on my seeking heart.

But the greatest factor of all was the Christian love that Christians had demonstrated in their actions. It was shocking and very thought-provoking to me. I had grown up in the communist culture of hatred, which taught us to hate our enemy in the class struggle. Mao famously said that “there is absolutely no love in this world without reason”. But by the Yangtze river in the Tibetan village and in the little college town of US south, I did experience and witness a kind of love that has no worldly reason. I knew that it was impossible that I can repay the love and caring from my Christian friends. I knew that they did what they did purely out of Christian charity, as a true expression of their faith and their value. They were first loved and saved by God. Their real testimony is strong evidence of the biblical truth.

On one Sunday in October 1992, I was attending worship with friends in a local American church (Tuscaloosa First Baptist Church).  I do not remember much about the details of what the pastor preached that day, but my heart was so touched by God that tears filled my eyes.  I realized what a sinner I was, and was strongly moved by Christ’s love to turn to God.  When the pastor asked people who decided to accept Christ as their Savior and Lord to come to the front, I stood up as if I lost control of myself, and I walked to the front and hold the pastor’s hands. I told him I wanted to accept Christ and my savior and Lord right there and right then.  Soon after that, I was baptized in the same church.

A few years ago I was surfing on the Chinese Q&A website of Zhihu (which is similar to Quora, but arguably better, and influential among Chinese intellectuals). One answer to the question “under what circumstance did you believe in God?” caught my attention. It was written by a Chinese man in film-making industry, who called himself Mr. Luo Deng (pen-name). Mr. Luo said in his answer that his spiritual journey was influenced by a group of British Christians he came across in Garze. He said that the British team was going to Dengke to do charity work, and he was so moved by their love and faith. I immediately realized that he was talking about the same group as the 1990 expedition team, because I knew Mel had led teams to Dengke after the first expedition for many years. I was very excited to see another guy with the same experience as mine. I contacted Mr. Deng privately and also answered the same question sharing my own story. Later another netter commented under my answer and said that she had the same experience too when she worked with the team as an interpreter. In the 2018 Dengke trip I met more interpreters for the team who have become Christians. Apparently serving as an interpreter on the Project Dengke team has been used by God greatly as a means of evangelizing Chinese young men and women!    

I was very moved by the stories on Zhihu. Luo Deng’s answer got tons of likes and people appreciate one sentence in it most. What he said can be literally translated into English as the following: “I believe that the best evangelism is the lifestyle of a Christian.” During the 2018 Dengke Project trip, I had opportunity to share with the team my conversion story and encourage the teammates using the Scripture ( I used Matthew 5:13-16 that calls Christians to be salt and light of the world) as well as Mr. Luo’s words to make the point of what significance the Project has that is related to evangelism.

Back to my own journey of faith. Baptism was only the beginning of my new spiritual journey. My life was greatly changed after I became a Christian, even though I was not always fully aware of it.  My worldview and value were transformed by the Word of God.  The self-centered-ness, self-righteousness and denial of God’s existence were replaced by the repentance of my sins, obedience to God and a thankful heart. I had sought the meaning of life with such pain, and now I am able to know the true and only God, the Creator of the universe and Keeper of our lives, through Jesus Christ. I am able to have a close relationship with God through prayers and studying His Word, and experience His guidance in my daily life. I can now experience the peace and joy that transcend the surroundings and the more abundant life that Christ gives us, just as the British team did.  My wandering heart has found the ultimate anchor, and my lost soul has found the eternal home.   

That does not mean that my journey after conversion was all smooth, or my spiritual growth did not take time. After I graduated from the University of Alabama with a Master of Science degree in 1995, I started working in the chemical industry in the US, and I worked in that field for 16 years, most of the time as an R&D technical manager. Later my wife and I had two sons (born in 1996 and 2003 respectively). I went through many difficulties and challenges in my marriage, my family, my career and my serving inside and outside the church.

But the Lord is faithful and his grace is sufficient. Many things happened in my life. I learned in my career and in my family life, as well as my serving on the Internet and in the Chinese churches (I have worshiped and served in a number of Chinese churches in the US). I learned from my mistakes and failures, and God let me grow in various areas of my life. The journey is filled with my weakness, but it is also filled with God’s leading and providence.

One example is my writing “career”. I started writing about Christianity on the Chinese Internet in 1995 (when the Chinese Internet was just starting with very primitive technologies) because I felt the need for apologetic involvement, and I have since been active on the Chinese cyberspace and new media (Zhihu is but one example), dialoging with global Chinese intellectuals and evangelizing with my writings and podcast. In 1996 I joined the Chinese Christian Internet Mission as one of its earliest core co-workers. In 1998 I created the evangelist and apologetic website “Jidian’s Links” (“Jidian”, the Chinese pin yin for “Gideon”, is my pen-name), which provided resources of apologetics and Christian culture to Chinese netters.

In 2009 I published my first book in Chinese (a collection of apologetic dialogs with non-believers) in the U. S. In 2012 I published my second book (a collection of my blog essays on Christian culture and belief) in China. Today I am known as a writer in China, and I was allowed to give talks about Christianity in the Christian bookstores and coffee houses in many Chinese cities. After many years of writing on the Internet, I am regarded as one of the earliest “internet missionaries” on the Chinese internet, both by Chinese intellectuals and by the Chinese communist government - I was named as one of “the most influential (by which they meant ‘dangerous’) internet missionaries” in an official paper on a Communist Youth League Central Committee journal warning Chinese about the “invasion of western ideology under the disguise of religion”.

I also became a core author for Overseas Campus (OC), a well-known evangelical magazine for Chinese intellectuals founded in the U. S. at the same year when I became a Christian (1992). In 2011, I was called by God to make a career change to serve God full time and I joined the Overseas Campus Ministries (OCM) to lead the ministry’s Internet mission. (I responded to God’s calling for the first time at a Campus Crusade for Christ conference way back in 1993.) I have since helped establish multiple new media products, such as the electronic magazine e-OC, the OC WeChat Public Accout (which had 70,000 subscribers before being shut down by the Chinese authority in December 2018), the OC Fuyin website (ocfuyin.org, fuyin being the Chinese phonetic of “the Gospel”), and the evangelist “Jidian’s Chat” podcast (http://ocfuyin.org/category/jdlt). I also lead the work of the paper magazine of OC as its chief editor. It is purely by God’s grace that I became a full-time Christian worker in media and new media from a scientist background.

My work at OCM went much beyond writing, recording, editing and project management. I gave evangelist talks in Chinese churches in North America and Asia (China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, etc.). (Because of my background in science, I started speaking on “science vs. Christian faith” in China as early as in 2000, and now my evangelist talks include many other topics.) I was an evangelist speaker and preacher for Chinese churches in North America and Asia. I also give trainings on evangelism, discipleship, apologetics, students and returnees ministries, Christian life, etc. I served as speaker in various Christian conferences.

Near the end of 2019, I responded to God's new call and joined a mission organization to serve God and diaspora Chinese in the U. S. In my local church (a Chinese church in Maryland), I serve by leading bible studies and teaching Sunday school. I am studying theology at the Reformed Theological Seminary Global, working towards an MAR degree while working full time. I also serve in the TGC (The Gospel Coalition) Chinese team. During the COVID time I started my evangelist livestreaming on YouTube: http://tinyurl.com/JidianYT, and continued to preach, teach and train Chinese Christians using the Internet tools. I look forward to many more years of serving our Lord.  

Looking back on my spiritual journey, I am with great awe and thankfulness for God’s Grace on me.  I believe that it is not by any “coincident”, but by the leading of God’s own loving hands, that I have become what I am today.  My story is just another testimony of God’s amazing Grace, infinite Love and great Power.  I pray that I will be endowed the faith and strength to serve God and follow Christ all my life.

Browse Jidian's multi-media evangelist website              






星期六, 六月 06, 2020

关于美国种族问题的微信群聊天记录


关于美国种族问题的微信群聊天记录



2020-6-6,结集时略有编辑,引用他人时微信ID改为首字母缩写)



回应:被跪杀的美国黑人,生前竟是福音勇士:打砸抢烧的暴行,让他的死蒙羞。 



其实我觉得强调Floyd是(浪子归家的)基督徒意义不大。无论他是基督徒还是无神论者穆斯林同性恋……,按照圣经和上帝的律法,滥杀生命也是罪,是侵犯上帝按照他自己的形象创造的生命。即使信主还是被杀只不过说明信主也不能保证在世界上不会遭遇不公(证明这个世界确实全然败坏被罪污染)。



转一篇美南浸信会(美国最保守的宗派之一)的牧师和神学教授合写的文章:



《福音和在你的城市里追求公义》https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pkXPXehgQXsh09indUE-5A



及一篇我自己的旧文:《种族主义与基督福音 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/39205683 ]



LF :昨天,家喻戶曉的福音派牧師Joel Osteen在休斯頓加入抗議隊伍,跟受害黑人的家屬一起遊行到市政廳。這兩天,一些福音派牧師陸續發聲,以期挽回因很多會眾狂熱支持川普而對教會聲譽的損害。】



@LF 我不喜欢Osteen。估计也有一些弟兄姐妹会不认他是福音派牧师。但我确实知道有白人福音派牧师、领袖、神学家是支持甚至亲自参与和平抗议、为社会公义大声疾呼,呼吁改革,解决(或至少遏制吧)制度化的种族主义的。就连宗教右翼的老将Pat Roberson昨天都出来讲话,批评川普了。这跟反对暴力并不矛盾,跟政治正确也没什么关系。反对种族主义是维护福音,不是维护政治正确。



我们教会的下一代告诉我,他们最被我们这代华人基督徒伤害的,是我们认定他们追求公义是被白左洗脑。。你我父母叔叔阿姨跟他们处于同样的美国世俗文化里面,为什么你我一定没被洗脑,下一代就一定被洗脑?第一代华人基督徒真的应该反省,不要只是point fingers,一味批评指责下一代或把一切都归咎于世俗文化(虽然世俗文化无疑是堕落的)。



有些人(葛福临)为了挺川也真是太拼了。这么多本来支持川普的白人保守福音派领袖,甚至宗教右翼代表人物,这次都公开表示川普拿圣经当道具(拿反了,而且是自由派翻译版本不过这些我觉得并不重要,连铁杆川粉也不会相信川普是热爱读圣经的人)是不当甚至亵渎的。这些美国的牧长基督徒并非是自由派左派。



昨天在另外的群里我转了那篇美国最保守(尤其是在种族方面)的美南浸信会的牧师和神学家写的关于基督徒与社会公义的文章,马上有华人基督徒(包括一名某基督教刊物核心作者)出来批评说这是自由派,左派。我觉得这是华人基督徒的一大恶习,不顾别人到底在讲什么(那篇文章纯粹就是在讲圣经,讲神学,没有半点提到对川普的看法),只要跟自己观点不同,就立马简单粗暴地贴个标签把人划分为左派”“不信派,我觉得这是非常不好的做法。(那位某刊作者有一次在外面说我是白左基督徒,结果被我看到,当面质疑她这么说有什么根据,她根本说不出来……)。



此次批评川普的福音派和宗右领袖的另一个原因,跟批评他的前任和现任国防部长一样,是川普太轻易地动用军队来维稳,这跟这些右派人士的保守主义理念相违。这是宗教右翼领袖帕特罗伯逊的反应:








一些华人基督徒弟兄姐妹说他们支持川普投他的票是因为政策,他们并非逢川必挺,川普个人的言行他们也不认同。这样的挺川我比较能够理解和尊重。同样我也不是、不喜欢逢川必反。我如果反,也不过是因为其违背圣经或与我的中偏右价值观冲突(不是因为我是左派/自由派)。



我有时候甚至为川普总统感觉不平。比如Floyd事件,川总确实是有出来公开讲我们跟受害者家人站在一起,谴责警察暴力的。也许你可以怀疑他是作秀、言不由衷,但至少这跟一些华人(特别是基督徒)拼命把问题归咎于黑人自己不好、犯罪率如何高,否认美国存在种族歧视的极端言论确实是不同的(这类极端言论本身是否就是种族主义,我留给诸君自己判断。换句话说,就是川普的支持者其实也抹了川普的黑。)



这几天我也(亲眼)看见、(亲耳)听见美国的白人保守福音派牧长弟兄姐妹为美国、为教会、为自己祷告。他们更多地是为种族和解、和平,更为福音和主的教会祷告。其中很多的,是在上帝面前悔改、求圣灵光照自己也许隐而未现的罪,包括种族主义和对社会公义的冷漠。



这跟一些拼命point fingers指责、攻击他人(白左、黑人)的华人基督徒(及葛福临这样不顾一切维护川普的少数美国宗教人士)形成非常鲜明的对比。前者是为了信仰和福音、见证,后者(在我看来)实质上还是在利用宗教搞政治,看重的是权力、选票及赢得争论。在很多华人基督徒群里后者似乎是占绝对优势,不少不同意见的弟兄姐妹噤若寒蝉不敢讲话,一讲话就一大堆人扑上来扣左派李伯儒帽子。这招非常管用,因为华人教会具有敬虔主义和基要主义传统(这本身并不一定不好,我自己也是偏向于这样的保守派),所以对很多弟兄姐妹来说左派就约等于撒旦,基督徒如果不恨之入骨像严冬一样残酷无情就是离经叛道跟魔鬼站一边。所以大家都害怕被戴上左派自由派的帽子(我也一样)。所以用这个压制甚至bully不同意见的基督徒是非常有用的。但我真的认为这是非常不敬虔、不正直、不顾合一的做法。我赞同不同意见的基督徒(在不是关乎基要真理的时候)互相尊重,彼此宽容,反对这种属灵高压。



我相信前者绝不是被白左洗脑的自由派,他们也是在捍卫福音本身。正如洛桑信约(https://www.lausanne.org/zh-hans/content-library-zh/covenant-zh/lausanne-covenant-zh )所说:



福音布道和社会政治关怀都是我们基督徒的责任……救恩的信息也包含对各种形式的疏离、压迫及歧视的审判。无论何处有罪恶与不公正的事,我们都要勇敢地斥责。



美国世俗社会和两党政治不是我关心的重点。我更关心上帝的国度和福音的见证(我也同样是受敬虔主义和保守派神学的影响)。外面的人怎么斗争纷闹,那是这个被罪污染的世界的问题。把这些东西拿到教会或基督徒群里来,在完全不实的情况下用来污蔑跟自己意见不同的弟兄姐妹,我认为这是罪,是不合基督徒体统的。



如果左派=魔鬼,不同意我的就是左派,或者被左派洗脑,那么我自然是永远正确,无需证明,这样的话讨论完全没有意义。(把左派换成川粉可能也可以[呲牙][呲牙]



QL拥川是北美华人教会里的政治正确,常常被打压被bully的是不拥川的基督徒。我所在的几个教会群,群殴反川的基督徒是很常见的 - 只要有人有一点点反对或者质疑川普,直接的间接的,川粉基督徒就会一拥而上群起殴之。教会外的北美华人群也差不多。唯一的区别是教会内的用属灵的大棒子,教会外的直接就用很不decent的词句。昨天下午到今天早晨,目睹了一个殴斗 - 有感而发。】



BJ:我只知道,耶稣出生就是在世人眼中的混乱和低等中,如果现在川代表的就是耶稣跟随者的样子,不会有人信的,会有更多人憎恨这个信仰。】



LF单单警察就已有六位被杀,这句话可是造谣。那个6位警察死亡的消息是1月份的,其中两位死于车祸。】



FW:欧文斯:我不支持弗洛伊德 他不是我的英雄 : http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NTE2NjQxNQ==&mid=2247484017&idx=1&sn=69dbaaecb76bc22cf68d7d22cf8d06f6&chksm=eb09a7d1dc7e2ec7c2ad5b66ca5471d005514d84a139a1a0b8a310611293c6b6e09a8202a64f&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=&sharer_sharetime=1591415213770&sharer_shareid=4ef3be10e6f76538451a7da70f43b36a#rd



Floyd是有吸毒史,这个无人否认。但这个本来也不是问题的核心。即使黑人真有吸毒,又能证明什么呢?证明黑人是某些华人眼中的劣等坏人?这些人拼命攻击受害者,是什么意思呢?劣等民族就该镇压消灭,用8分几十秒跪压脖子令其窒息的温柔方式?前天另一个群里那个某刊作者说这就像父母管教儿女偶有失当,儿女不应该因此不认父母一样………这就是这帮虔诚属灵基督徒想要说的吗?!



RMZ:也许正因为受害者有身体基础疾病,甚至有酒精和毒品,那警察执法时就越发要小心再小心。毕竟同样的执法力度对不同年龄与健康的人有不一致的伤害程度。所以警察执法需要拿捏得当。这是抗议示威后警察叔叔们需要多多补课的一个地方。至于有些警察骨子里就是种族主义者,那就该被踢出警察局。】



这些否认种族问题的人是住在美国,还是火星?这几天的美国,无论男女老少种族宗教信仰背景,有多少人是像这样拼命否认种族歧视的?我看到的就是这些华人基督徒(也许再加上他们现在还剩下的一根稻草——葛福临。但即使是葛福临我都没看到他像这样来否认种族问题。就连川普本人都是谴责施暴警察跟受害者站一边的),以及可能有一些铁杆川粉极右翼(其中也包括黑人)。粉川粉到如此地步,连人性都扭曲了!



某些华人川粉转的这位黑人女士Candace Owens 是什么背景?有位老师查了一下,说她真的不简单,不仅对种族歧视态度有争议,对希特勒态度很特别,还很有感染力,上次在新西兰清真寺枪杀多人的种族主义暴徒就说是受她影响和启发:



https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.newsweek.com/new-zealand-mosque-shooting-candace-owens-shooter-manifesto-1364149%3famp=1





Candace Owens 她曾多次因为种族歧视被起诉,但却否认自己遭到过种族歧视(原来是她歧视别人啊)。她对希特勒的评价 (有录音为证)是如果希特勒是为了让德国重新伟大,正常运作,那就OK,没问题



“Whenever we say 'nationalism,' the first thing people think about, at least in America, is Hitler," she said. "You know, he was a national socialist, but if Hitler had just wanted to make Germany great and have things run well, OK, fine."



这就是这帮非种族主义属灵基督徒(牧师)抓到的稻草?!



昨晚我们教会的牧长专门开了一个Zoom会跟教会的二代年轻人深入交流,倾听他们的心声,劝慰他们,也用温柔的态度给一些引导,年轻人说对他们很有帮助。我们教会的二代告诉我,他们最受伤的,是我们这些一代轻易指责他们是受左派洗脑。(他们都没说我们一代是喝种族主义仇恨歧视偏见的狼奶长大。)他们身处左派占优势的校园文化里是没错,但他们并不比我们跟盲信盲从。(我儿子就曾在文科课上跟马克思主义者的教授公开辩论。)更重要的是,追求公义、关心穷人弱势这些本来就是圣经教导,是符合基督教信仰的,我们这些一代口口声声要他们信主、读圣经,现在他们真信了,读了,然后真的按照圣经去做了,结果我们却反过来责骂他们被左派洗脑,这是什么教育?他们没说,但我心里很感动,也很难受,我实在觉得我们这代人真是假冒为善,应该悔改!



另外。关于两代华人的三观冲突,我觉得这篇文章讲得比较好:https://zine.la/article/7b4af684f52c40e18c6564fe632bcb1f/?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0



在这个时候拿受害者吸毒来说是到底是几个意思?被希特勒送进毒气室的犹太人,我想也有不少并非善茬,可能为富不仁诡诈刻薄。但如果有人拿这个来支持希特勒让德国更加伟大,否认holocaust/犹太人大屠杀(说那是白左假新闻),或者说希特勒是像父母管教儿女一样管教犹太人,我认为任何一个还有点人性的人,都应该站出来说不,更不用说基督徒了。挺川可以,但不要太变态好吗?!



美国的种族问题,都是左派和主流媒体为了整川普编造出来的?您了解美国的种族历史吗?主流媒体当然不是句句都真,有的偏左,也有的偏右,但第一,确实没有像你们这样为种族主义辩护的,第二,主流媒体仍然远远比你们引用的那些疑似极端主义者的网红言论可行。



同意骚乱令人悲哀。否认、无视种族主义这只“房间里的大象”就更悲哀。在这个时候拼命证明黑人就是有问题(“连他们自己都承认自己有问题”),这是什么主义?我不相信你不知道美国的黑奴废奴民权运动历史。



减少悲哀,应该是各族裔和左中右各方民众一起努力,促进种族和解。和解的第一步是正视现实,停止丑化、矮化、妖魔化其它族裔和不同政见的人,以及支持新闻自由(而不是学着川普把主流媒体当成人民的敌人。那是直接推翻美国宪政民主自由的根基之一)。美国的这些根基,这些美国价值,如宪政民主自由,不一定跟基督徒基于圣经的价值观相合,但也不一定相违。无论如何,作为地上的公民,基督徒遵守宪法还是应该的。



过去这两天美国各地的和平抗议似乎方兴未艾,同时暴力和打砸抢似乎越来越少(昨天新闻里有一个暴力事件,但那是警察向一位老人抗议者施暴)。我的祷告是抗议越来越和平,只有这样才能帮助美国人民反思种族问题,走向和解(那将是非常漫长的过程)。当我看到那些警察和士兵跟抗议者一起祷告拥抱的时候,我看到希望,因为双方都是基督徒。如我在文章里所说,十字架彰显的基督福音是问题的终极盼望所在。



圣经(箴言)也教导基督徒说话要合时。这个时候强调黑人自己有问题,难免给人种族歧视的印象。而且美国虽然是有政治正确过头的问题,但同时,可能更糟糕的是,也有反政治正确过头的问题。一些极端主义(白至上等等)都以反政治正确为借口跑出来兜售他们以前不敢声张的见不得人的东西。一些粉川华人今天拼命攻击的政治正确,有一些根本就是最最基本的做人的道理,我们可以说是普世价值或上帝的普遍恩典。(比如你不能说不可杀人不要仅仅因为一个人的肤色歧视他政治正确——那就是正确而已,甚至对基督徒来说是绝对正确,更不用说你我这些自称是pro-life/“维护生命”的保守派基督徒了。



基督徒应该做使人和睦的人。在种族冲突带来巨大的悲哀的时候,一味伸出手指批评(饱受歧视的)一方,我认为无论如何不是使人和睦的态度(反倒可能会给人挑动歧视和仇恨的感觉)。同样的,我也跟二代讲,美国的警察不都是滥用公权力施暴的,也有好的,单纯是保护各族人民的。这几天的新闻里就有。这不是要粉饰太平,只是不希望年轻人走极端。